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Uyên Châu Nguyên wins UM Dissertation Prize 2025

Uyên Châu Nguyên wins UM Dissertation Prize 2025

29 January 2026

During the Dies Natalis of Maastricht University, Uyên Châu Nguyên received the UM Dissertation Prize 2025.

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Global research network launched to study menopause and heart health

Global research network launched to study menopause and heart health

20 January 2026

Ten international health research funders, including the Dutch Heart Foundation, are investing $10 million in a new global research network to improve early prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. The initiative focuses on understanding how menopause affects heart health and how early intervention can reduce risk.

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Carim Maastricht
Carim Maastricht

Sandro Gelsomino

Professor

Prof. Sandro Gelsomino has studied Medicine in Bologna. He was trained as a heart surgeon at the University Hospital S. Orsola Malpighi in Bologna and qualified in 1995. He was fellow at the Bologna University from 1990 to 1995. He was resident Cardiac Surgeon at Pinna Pintor Clinic and Staff member at Brescia Hospital from 1995 to 1997. From 1998 to 2003 he was Cardiac Surgeon staff member at S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Udine, Italy and member of the Stentless valve program. From 2003 to 2007 he was staff surgeon at Careggi Hospital Florence, Italy and he carried out the program on Ischemic mitral regurgitation. From 2008 to 2006 he was Director (Head) of the Experimental Surgey Unit Careggi Hospital Florence.

In 2009, he obtained his PhD on this subject at the Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences at Maastricht University. In 2014, he was appointed Associate Professor and in 2018 he became Professor of Heart Surgery.

One of the main topic of his research is atrial fibrillation (AF). He is developing a new true hybrid true bipolar tool (CORDIA) for the ablation of the atrial fibrillation which has been patented with the support of Maastricht University. In addition, he is developing, in collaboration with MERLIN, a patch for several application in the field of cardiovascular medicine, apart from AF. With the University of Florence, he is involved in the programme for new anti-oxidants for the treatment of AF. He is leading a programme, in cooperation with the University of Brussel, for the application of artificial intelligence in arrhythmias (ISAAC).

He is starting a cooperation with other AF experts at Maastricht University for computer modelling of AF.

 

Sandro-gelsomino

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Universiteitsingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht
PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht
Room number: F3.102
T: +31 (0)43 388 10 66

  • 2018
    • Gelsomino, S., Johnson, D. M., & Lorusso, R. (2018). Intra-aortic balloon pump: is the tide turning?Critical Care, 22(1), Article 345. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2266-8
    • Gelsomino, S., Bidar, E., Lorusso, R., Johnson, D. M., Maessen, J. G., & Natour, E. (2018). Open repair of type Ia endoleak in the aortic arch: three tailored approaches. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10(11), 6261-6265. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.10.21
    • Bonacchi, M., Prifti, E., Bugetti, M., Parise, O., Sani, G., Johnson, D. M., Cabrucci, F., & Gelsomino, S. (2018). Deep sternal infections after in situ bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting for left ventricular myocardial revascularization: predictors and influence on 20-year outcomes. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10(9), 5208-5221. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.09.30
    • Lorusso, R., Vizzardi, E., Johnson, D. M., Mariscalco, G., Sciatti, E., Maessen, J., Bidar, E., & Gelsomino, S. (2018). Cardiac surgery in adult patients with remitted or active malignancies: a review of preoperative screening, surgical management and short- and long-term postoperative results. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 54(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezy019
    • Sciatti, E., Vizzardi, E., Castiello, A., Valentini, F., Bonadei, I., Gelsomino, S., Lorusso, R., & Metra, M. (2018). The role of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hypertensive-related aortic stiffness. Echocardiography-A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques, 35(6), 798-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.13841
    • Di Mauro, M., Dato, G. M. A., Barili, F., Gelsomino, S., Sante, P., Della Corte, A., Carrozza, A., Della Ratta, E., Cugola, D., Galletti, L., Devotini, R., Casabona, R., Santini, F., Salsano, A., Scrofani, R., Antona, C., Botta, L., Russo, C., Mancuso, S., ... Nappi, G. (2018). Corrigendum to "A predictive model for early mortality after surgical treatment of heart valve or prosthesis infective endocarditis". The EndoSCORE (vol 241, pg 97, 2017). International Journal of Cardiology, 258, 337-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.019
    • Gomes, A., Jainandunsing, J. S., van Assen, S., van Geel, P. P., Sinha, B., Gelsomino, S., Johnson, D. M., & Natour, E. (2018). A standardized approach to treat complex aortic valve endocarditis: a case series. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 13(1), Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-018-0715-8
    • de Jong, M. M., Lorusso, R., Al Awami, F., Matteuci, F., Parise, O., Lozekoot, P., Bonacchi, M., Maessen, J. G., Johnson, D. M., & Gelsomino, S. (2018). Vascular complications following intra-aortic balloon pump implantation: an updated review. Perfusion, 33(2), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267659117727825
  • 2017
    • Raffa, G. M., Gelsomino, S., Sluijpers, N., Meani, P., Alenizy, K., Natour, E., Bidar, E., Johnson, D. M., Makhoul, M., Heuts, S., Lozekoot, P., Kats, S., Schreurs, R., Delnoij, T., Montalti, A., Sels, J. W., Poll, M. V. D., Roekaerts, P., Maessen, J., & Lorusso, R. (2017). In-hospital outcome of post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support in adult patients: the 2007-2017 Maastricht experience. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 19(Suppl 1), 53-61. http://cicm.org.au/CICM_Media/CICMSite/CICM-Website/Resources/Publications/CCR%20Journal/Previous%20Editions/October%20Supplement%202017/ccr_19_OctSupp_011017-S53-S61.pdf
    • Lorusso, R., & Gelsomino, S. (2017). Mitral valve repair for functional regurgitation: Do not miss the last piece of the puzzle!Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 154(4), 1258-1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.073
    • Di Mauro, M., Dato, G. M. A., Barili, F., Gelsomino, S., Santse, P., Della Corte, A., Carrozza, A., Della Ratta, E., Cugola, D., Galletti, L., Devotini, R., Casabona, R., Santini, F., Salsano, A., Scrofani, R., Antona, C., Botta, L., Russo, C., Mancuso, S., ... Grp Res Outcome Cardiac Surg GIROC (2017). A predictive model for early mortality after surgical treatment of heart valve or prosthesis infective endocarditis. The EndoSCORE. International Journal of Cardiology, 241, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.148
    • Lorusso, R., Gelsomino, S., Parise, O., Di Mauro, M., Barili, F., Geskes, G., Vizzardi, E., Rycus, P. T., Muellenbach, R., Mueller, T., Pesenti, A., Combes, A., Peek, G., Frenckner, B., Di Nardo, M., Swol, J., Maessen, J., & Thiagarajan, R. R. (2017). Neurologic Injury in Adults Supported With Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure: Findings From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Database. Critical Care Medicine, 45(8), 1389-1397. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002502
    • Della Corte, A., Di Mauro, M., Dato, G. A., Barili, F., Cugola, D., Gelsomino, S., Sante, P., Carozza, A., Della Ratta, E., Galletti, L., Devotini, R., Casabona, R., Santini, F., Salsano, A., Scrofani, R., Antona, C., De Vincentiis, C., Biondi, A., Beghi, C., ... Nappi, G. (2017). Surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis: a retrospective study of a national registry. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 52(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezx045
    • Lorusso, R., Gelsomino, S., Parise, O., Mendiratta, P., Prodhan, P., Rycus, P., MacLaren, G., Brogan, T. V., Chen, Y.-S., Maessen, J., Hou, X., & Thiagarajan, R. R. (2017). Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Refractory Cardiogenic Shock in Elderly Patients: Trends in Application and Outcome From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 104(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.10.023
    • Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P. W. J., de Jong, M. M. J., Luca, F., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Romano, M., Hossien, A., La Meir, M., Marchionni, N., Maessen, J. G., & Lorusso, R. (2017). Is visceral flow during intra-aortic balloon pumping size or volume dependent?Perfusion, 32(4), 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267659116678058
    • Meani, P., Gelsomino, S., Natour, E., Johnson, D. M., Rocca, H.-P. B. L., Pappalardo, F., Bidar, E., Makhoul, M., Raffa, G., Heuts, S., Lozekoot, P., Kats, S., Sluijpers, N., Schreurs, R., Delnoij, T., Montalti, A., Sels, J. W., van de Poll, M., Roekaerts, P., ... Lorusso, R. (2017). Modalities and Effects of Left Ventricle Unloading on Extracorporeal Life support: a Review of the Current Literature. European journal of heart failure, 19 Suppl 2, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.850
    • Gelsomino, S., Renzulli, A., & La Meir, M. (2017). How very wet this water is!EP Europace, 19(2), 332-333. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw056
    • Kumar, N., Pison, L., Gelsomino, S., Aksoy, I., La Meir, M., & Maessen, J. (2017). We Know What the Cardiac Surgeon Did During Last Hybrid Arrhythmia Procedure. Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, 12(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/IMI.0000000000000343
    • Cuminetti, G., Gelsomino, S., Curello, S., Lorusso, R., Maessen, J. G., & Hoorntje, J. C. A. (2017). Contemporary use of arterial and venous conduits in coronary artery bypass grafting: anatomical, functional and clinical aspects. Netherlands Heart Journal, 25(1), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-016-0919-2
  • 2016
    • Giglioli, C., Gelsomino, S., Cecchi, E., Baldereschi, G. J., Acquafresca, M., Marchionni, N., & Romano, S. M. (2016). Cardiac performance and ventricular-arterial coupling following PARACHUTE implantation. International Journal of Cardiology, 222, 1019-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.088
    • Lorusso, R., Barili, F., Di Mauro, M., Gelsomino, S., Parise, O., Rycus, P. T., Maessen, J., Mueller, T., Muellenbach, R., Belohlavek, J., Peek, G., Combes, A., Frenckner, B., Pesenti, A., & Thiagarajan, R. R. (2016). In-Hospital Neurologic Complications in Adult Patients Undergoing Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Results From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Critical Care Medicine, 44(10), e964–e972. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001865
    • Gelsomino, S., La Meir, M., van Breugel, H. N. A. M., Renzulli, A., Rostagno, C., Lorusso, R., Parise, O., Lozekoot, P. W. J., Klop, I. D. G., Kumar, N., Luca, F., Matteucci, F., Serraino, F., Sante, P., Caciolli, S., Vizzardi, E., De Jong, M., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Gensini, G. F., & Maessen, J. G. (2016). Surgical ablation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery: impact of lesion set and surgical techniques on long-term success. EP Europace, 18(10), 1528-1537. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv402
    • Vizzardi, E., Maffessanti, F., Lorusso, R., Sciatti, E., Bonadei, I., Gelsomino, S., Metra, M., & Pepi, M. (2016). Ascending Aortic Dimensions in Hypertensive Subjects: Reference Values for Two-Dimensional Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 29(9), 827-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.03.016
    • Cuminetti, G., Regazzoni, V., Vizzardi, E., Bonadei, I., de Jong, M. M. J., Lorusso, R., Hoorntje, J. C. A., Gelsomino, S., & Metra, M. (2016). Cardiac ANCA-associated vasculitis mimicking an acute coronary syndrome. International Journal of Cardiology, 214, 200-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.117
    • Hossien, A., Gelsomino, S., Mochtar, B., Sardari Nia, P., Kats, S., & Maessen, J. (2016). Value of Multidimensional Modeling in Planning Surgery for a Dissecting Ventricular Septal Hematoma Following Aortic Valve Sparing Root Reimplantation. Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 31(6), 390-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.12757
    • van Breugel, H. N. A. M., Orlando, P., Nieman, F. H. M., Accord, R. E., Luca, F., Lozekoot, P., Kumar, N., van Mastrigt, G. A. P. G., Nijs, J. F. M. A., Vrakking, R., Maessen, J. G., La Meir, M., & Gelsomino, S. (2016). Does sinus rhythm conversion after cardiac surgery affect postoperative health- related quality of life?Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 11(1), Article 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-016-0459-2
    • Paparella, D., Di Mauro, M., Worms, K. B., Bolotin, G., Russo, C., Trunfio, S., Scrofani, R., Antona, C., Dato, G. A., Casabona, R., Colli, A., Gerosa, G., Renzulli, A., Serraino, F., Scrascia, G., Zaccaria, S., De Bonis, M., Taramasso, M., Delgado, L., ... Miceli, A. (2016). Antiplatelet versus oral anticoagulant therapy as antithrombotic prophylaxis after mitral valve repair. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 151(5), 1302-1308.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.12.036
    • Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P. W. J., Lorusso, R., de Jong, M. M. J., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Luca, F., La Meir, M., Gensini, G. F., & Maessen, J. G. (2016). Comparing short versus standard-length balloon for intra-aortic counterpulsation: results from a porcine model of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 49(5), 1361-1369. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv401
    • Rostagno, C., Gelsomino, S., Capecchi, I., Rossi, A., Montesi, G. F., & Stefano, P. L. (2016). Factors related to sinus rhythm at discharge after radiofrequency ablation of permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Heart and Vessels, 31(4), 593-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-015-0647-3
    • Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P. W. J., Lorusso, R., de Jong, M. J., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Luca, F., Kumar, N., Romano, M., Gensini, G. F., La Meir, M., & Maessen, J. G. (2016). The Optimal Weaning Strategy for Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation: Volume-Based Versus Rate-Based Approach in an Animal Model. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 101(4), 1485-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.10.010
    • Lozekoot, P. W. J., de Jong, M. M. J., Gelsomino, S., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Luca, F., Kumar, N., Nijs, J., Czapla, J., Kwant, P. B., Bani, D., Gensini, G. F., Pison, L., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Maessen, J. G., & La Meir, M. (2016). Contact forces during hybrid atrial fibrillation ablation: an in vitro evaluation. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology, 45(2), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-015-0089-y
    • Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P. W. J., Lorusso, R., de Jong, M. M. J., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Luca, F., La Meir, M., Gensini, G. F., & Maessen, J. G. (2016). Short intra-aortic balloon pump in a swine model of myocardial ischaemia: a proof-of-concept study. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 49(3), 901-909. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv271
    • Lorusso, R., Centofanti, P., Gelsomino, S., Barili, F., Di Mauro, M., Orlando, P., Botta, L., Milazzo, F., Dato, G. A., Casabona, R., Casali, G., Musumeci, F., De Bonis, M., Zangrillo, A., Alfieri, O., Pellegrini, C., Mazzola, S., Coletti, G., Vizzardi, E., ... Russo, C. F. (2016). Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Fulminant Myocarditis in Adult Patients: A 5-Year Multi-Institutional Experience. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 101(3), 919-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.08.014
    • Russo, C. F., Mariscalco, G., Colli, A., Sante, P., Nicolini, F., Miceli, A., De Chiara, B., Beghi, C., Gerosa, G., Glauber, M., Gherli, T., Nappi, G., Murzi, M., Molardi, A., Merlanti, B., Vizzardi, E., Bonadei, I., Coletti, G., Carrozzini, M., ... Lorusso, R. (2016). Italian multicentre study on type A acute aortic dissection: a 33-year follow-up. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 49(1), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv048
    • Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P. W., Lorusso, R., de Jong, M. M., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Luca, F., Kumar, N., Dehkord, E. S., Romano, S. M., Gensini, G. F., La Meir, M., & Maessen, J. G. (2016). A New 35-mm Short Intra-aortic Balloon Catheter A Suitable Option Also for Non-Small-Sized Patients?Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, 11(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1097/IMI.0000000000000233
    • Lozekoot, P. W. J., de Jong, M. M. J., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Luca, F., Kumar, N., Bani, D., Czapla, J., Pison, L., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Maessen, J. G., La Meir, M., & Gelsomino, S. (2016). The ABLA-BOX An In Vitro Module of Hybrid Atrial Fibrillation Ablation. Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, 11(3), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1097/IMI.0000000000000256
  • 2015
    • Hossien, A., Gelsomino, S., Mochtar, B., Maessen, J. G., & Sardari Nia, P. (2015). Novel multi-dimensional modelling for surgical planning of acute aortic dissection type A based on computed tomography scan. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 48(5), e95-e101. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv299
    • Lozekoot, P. W. J., Gelsomino, S., Kwant, P. B., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., de Jong, M. M. J., Maessen, J. G., & Gründeman, P. F. (2015). The "Spacemaker", a New Device for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery: An Evaluation and Feasibility Study. Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, 10(4), 241-7. Article discussion 247. https://doi.org/10.1097/IMI.0000000000000183
    • Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P., La Meir, M., Lorusso, R., Luca, F., Rostagno, C., Renzulli, A., Parise, O., Matteucci, F., Gensini, G. F., Crjins, H. J. G. M., & Maessen, J. G. (2015). Is ganglionated plexi ablation during Maze IV procedure beneficial for postoperative long-term stable sinus rhythm?International Journal of Cardiology, 192, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.259
    • Kumar, N., Pison, L., Lozekoot, P., Choudhury, R., La Meir, M., Gelsomino, S., Crijns, H., & Maessen, J. (2015). The symbiosis of contact force catheter use for hybrid ablation for atrial fibrillation. Netherlands Heart Journal, 23(9), 438-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-015-0729-y
    • Kumar, N., Bonizzi, P., Pison, L., Phan, K., Lankveld, T., Maessen, B., La Meir, M., Gelsomino, S., Maessen, J., & Crijns, H. (2015). Impact of hybrid procedure on P wave duration for atrial fibrillation ablation. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology, 42(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-014-9969-9
    • Vizzardi, E., D'Aloia, A., Sciatti, E., Bonadei, I., Gelsomino, S., Lorusso, R., & Metra, M. (2015). Echocardiographic Evaluation of Aortic Atheromas in Patients With Aortic Stenosis. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.34.1.105
    • Vizzardi, E., Sciatti, E., Bonadei, I., Gelsomino, S., Lorusso, R., & Metra, M. (2015). To: Aortic stiffness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19(3), 349-349.
  • 2014
    • van Breugel, H. N. A. M., Gelsomino, S., de Vos, C. B., Accord, R. E., Tieleman, R. G., Luca, F., Rostagno, C., Renzulli, A., Parise, O., Lorusso, R., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & Maessen, J. G. (2014). Maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion for recurrent atrial fibrillation following mitral valve surgery with or without associated radiofrequency ablation. International Journal of Cardiology, 175(2), 290-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.05.010
    • Nijs, J., Gelsomino, S., Kietselaer, B. B., Parise, O., Lucà, F., Maessen, J. G., & Meir, M. L. (2014). 3D-echo in preoperative assessment of aortic cusps effective height. World journal of cardiology, 6(7), 689-91. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.689
    • van Breugel, H. N. A. M., Gelsomino, S., Lozekoot, P. W. J., Accord, R. E., Luca, F., Parise, O., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & Maessen, J. G. (2014). Guideline adherence in antithrombotic treatment after concomitant ablation surgery in atrial fibrillation patients. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 18(3), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivt522
    • Gelsomino, S., Van Breugel, H. N. A. M., Pison, L., Parise, O., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Wellens, F., Maessen, J. G., & La Meir, M. (2014). Hybrid thoracoscopic and transvenous catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 45(3), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezt385
    • Pison, L., Gelsomino, S., Luca, F., Parise, O., Maessen, J. G., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & La Meir, M. (2014). Effectiveness and safety of simultaneous hybrid thoracoscopic and endocardial catheter ablation of lone atrial fibrillation. Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 3(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2225-319X.2013.12.10
    • Gelsomino, S., Luca, F., Rao, C. M., Parise, O., Pison, L., Wellens, F., Maessen, J., & La Meir, M. (2014). Improvement of left atrial function and left atrial reverse remodeling after surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 3(1), 70-4. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2225-319X.2013.12.03
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